In the case of Karen, Bill, and Josh, which common law defense might Ellie's Engineering use?

The correct choice involves the assumption of risk and the fellow worker doctrine, both of which are relevant defenses in workers' compensation contexts.

The assumption of risk is a legal doctrine that can absolve an employer from liability if an employee voluntarily exposes themselves to known risks associated with their job. In a situation where Karen, Bill, and Josh may be aware of certain dangers present in their work environment but still choose to engage in risky activities, Ellie's Engineering could argue that they assumed the risks inherent in their job. This defense hinges on the premise that the employees knew the risks and nonetheless proceeded with their actions.

The fellow worker doctrine is another significant common law defense that applies when an employee’s injury is caused by the negligent actions of a fellow worker. Under this doctrine, if one worker is injured due to the negligence of a coworker while both are engaged in their employment, the employer may not be held liable for that injury because the risk of injury associated with coworker actions is part of the job. This defense acknowledges that employees inherently accept the risks associated with working alongside others and that this shared responsibility does not necessarily require the employer to compensate for injuries under certain circumstances.

Together, these doctrines provide a robust defense for Ellie's Engineering by highlighting the responsibilities and